Tesla Model S 2012–2026
By owner reputation, a facelifted car with air suspension is the pick. On an early car, ask whether the drive unit, the door handles and the touchscreen's memory have been replaced, and get a battery health report on any Model S. On a 2021 or later car, try the yoke before you buy one with it. Production ended in 2026.
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Generations
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Original 2012–2016
The first Model S, with a black nose cone at the front. Rear drive with one motor at first, with a second motor and all-wheel drive from 2014. Early cars are known for failed drive units and door handles.
10 colors, 4 interiors, 1 rare catch
Options, colors and years for the Original → -
Facelifted 2017–2020
A body-coloured front in place of the nose cone, LED headlights, and from 2019 a more efficient front motor and adaptive air suspension. Owners rate it the best buy among the older cars.
6 colors, 4 interiors, 1 rare catch
Options, colors and years for the Facelifted → -
Refreshed 2021–2026
A new interior with a wide touchscreen and, at first, a yoke in place of a steering wheel, plus the three-motor Plaid. The last Model S was built in May 2026.
11 colors, 4 interiors, 1 rare catch
Options, colors and years for the Refreshed →
Timeline
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Original 2012–2016
What changed, year by year (4)
- 2012 Production begins in June 2012.1
- 2014 The P85D, with a second motor at the front and all-wheel drive, replaces the P85. Autopilot hardware is fitted to every car built from September 2014.1
- 2015 70D, 90D and P90D added, and a rear-drive 70. The 90D takes over from the 85. Autopilot is switched on by a software update in October 2015.1
- 2016 The 60 and 60D come back, using a 75 kWh pack limited by software. The facelift is shown in April 2016 and sold as the 2017 model year, so a 2016 car may wear either front.1,2
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Facelifted 2017–2020
What changed, year by year (3)
- 2017 The facelift: a body-coloured front fascia in place of the black nose cone, and full-LED adaptive headlights. The 75 kWh becomes the entry battery in March 2017 and the 60 is dropped. The 100D arrives, the 90D ends in mid-2017, and the rear-drive 75 ends late in the year.1,2
- 2019 Standard Range, Long Range and Performance replace the 75D, 100D and P100D. From April, a permanent-magnet front motor, adaptive air suspension and faster Supercharging.1,3
- 2020 Long Range Plus replaces the Long Range.1
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Refreshed 2021–2026
What changed, year by year (3)
- 2021 Refresh shown in January 2021: a new interior with a wide touchscreen, a yoke, a heat pump and the three-motor Plaid. Driver assistance moves to cameras only.1,2
- 2023 A round steering wheel can be ordered from January 2023. Standard Range returns. Ultrasonic parking sensors are dropped.4,1
- 2026 An update shown in June 2025 adds a front bumper camera, changes to the chassis and more range for the Long Range. A 250-car Signature Edition is the last version. The last Model S is built in May 2026, and Tesla gives the Fremont line to its robot.1,5
Buy
Rare catches
Rare options, colors and interiors to look out for, and whether finding one is good news.
Recalls 39
- 13V249000 2013
The left rear seatback striker can be out of line, weakening its weld.8
- 14V006000 2013
The 14-50 charging adapter can overheat.8
- 15V780000 2012–2015
The front seat belts may not be fixed properly to the lap pretensioner.9,10
- 17V023000 2012
The front passenger airbag inflator can burst after years of heat and humidity.9
- 17V260000 2016
A gear in the electric parking brake can break, so the brake may not release or may not hold the car.11
- 18V031000 2013
The front passenger airbag inflator can burst when it goes off.8
- 18V204000 2012–2016
Aluminium bolts on the power steering can corrode and break, reducing or ending the steering assist.9,11
- 19V002000 2014–2016
The front passenger airbag inflator can burst and throw metal pieces.12,11
- 21V035000 2012–2018
The touchscreen's memory chip wears out, losing the rear camera, defrost settings and turn signals. The memory board is replaced.9,13,14
- 21V846000 2017–2021
On one software version, a communication fault can cause false collision warnings or sudden emergency braking. Fixed over the air.15,16
- 21V868000 2021
The driver's airbag can tear when it goes off.16
- 21V00B000 2014–2021
The front trunk latch can be out of line, so the hood's second latch does not catch and the hood can open.12,16
- 22V037000 2016–2022
Full Self-Driving Beta can roll through all-way stops without stopping. Fixed over the air.11,17
- 22V045000 2021–2022
The seat belt chime may not sound at start-up for an unbelted driver. Fixed over the air.16,17
- 22V050000 2021–2022
A software fault can trap refrigerant and weaken the windshield defroster. Fixed over the air.16,17
- 22V063000 2020–2022
The Boombox can drown out the pedestrian warning sound. Replaced by 22V235000.18,17
- 22V104000 2021–2022
The side curtain airbag inflators may be put together wrongly.16,17
- 22V169000 2018–2019
On some cars with the 2.5 Autopilot computer, the rear camera picture can appear late when reversing. Fixed over the air.13,19
- 22V235000 2020–2022
The Boombox can drown out the pedestrian warning sound, including in Summon. Replaces the fix for 22V063000.18,17
- 22V296000 2021–2022
The touchscreen's processor can overheat while fast charging and restart, losing the rear camera picture. Fixed over the air.16,17
- 22V526000 2022
The front bumper carrier can make the passenger airbag go off wrongly in a low-speed crash.17
- 22V702000 2021–2022
A window may not reverse properly after it meets an obstruction. Fixed over the air.16,17
- 22V818000 2017–2021
Power steering assist can drop out on rough roads or after a pothole. Fixed over the air.15,16
- 22E092000 2021
The wrong door mirrors were fitted: a curved glass on the driver's side, and no distance warning etched on the passenger's side.16
- 23V085000 2016–2023
Full Self-Driving Beta can behave unsafely at junctions and respond poorly to speed limit changes. Fixed over the air.11,20
- 23V489000 2023
The forward camera can sit at the wrong angle and turn off safety features without warning.20
- 23V488000 2021–2023
The front seat belts may not be fixed properly to their pretensioner anchors and can come loose.16,20
- 23V743000 2021–2024
When the yoke or the steering wheel was swapped, the wrong driver's airbag may have been fitted.16,21
- 23V838000 2012–2023
Autosteer's checks may not do enough to stop a driver misusing it. Fixed over the air.9,20
- 23V862000 2021–2023
- 24V035000 2023
A software fault can stop the rear camera picture showing. Fixed over the air.20
- 24V051000 2012–2023
The brake, parking brake and ABS warning lights are shown in letters too small. Fixed over the air.9,20
- 24V153000 2013–2021
A factory reset can silence the sound that warns pedestrians of the car. Fixed over the air.8,13
- 24V376000 2012–2024
The seat belt warning may not come on for an unbelted driver. Fixed over the air.9,21
- 24V554000 2021–2024
The car may not notice a hood left unlatched, which could fly open. Fixed over the air.16,21
- 24V967000 2021–2025
- 25V002000 2024–2025
A circuit board can short and lose the rear camera picture. Fixed by software, and the computer is replaced where needed.21,22
- 25V172000 2021–2024
A driver's airbag fitted with the wrong horn pad can stop the horn working.16,21
- 26V283000 2021–2023
On one software version, the rear camera picture can lag when reversing. Fixed over the air.16,20
Checked against NHTSA records on 21 October 2026.
Before you pay
A buyer's checklist for each generation: every warning and recall, with a box to tick.
Sources
The specs and recalls here are facts from NHTSA, Tesla's own filings and reference sources. The claims and issues are reputation, from the press and an owner forum, and none is measured against sale prices yet. Tesla changed the car in the middle of model years, so dates in the sources do not always line up with each other.
- Wikipedia
- InsideEVs used buyer's guide
- Electrek on the 2019 update
- Electrek on the round wheel
- Electrive on the last Model S
- TeslaTap paint
- CarScoops 2026 (Signature Edition)
- NHTSA recalls (2013 Model S)
- NHTSA recalls (2012 Model S)
- NHTSA recalls (2015 Model S)
- NHTSA recalls (2016 Model S)
- NHTSA recalls (2014 Model S)
- NHTSA recalls (2018 Model S)
- NHTSA recall report 21V035
- NHTSA recalls (2017 Model S)
- NHTSA recalls (2021 Model S)
- NHTSA recalls (2022 Model S)
- NHTSA recalls (2020 Model S)
- NHTSA recalls (2019 Model S)
- NHTSA recalls (2023 Model S)
- NHTSA recalls (2024 Model S)
- NHTSA recalls (2025 Model S)
Also read for this model 18
- Charged EVs on early reliability
- Christian Science Monitor 2013 options
- Christian Science Monitor 2014 Autopilot
- Drive Tesla 2021 (Plaid interior)
- Drive Tesla 2025 (US update)
- DrivingElectric used guide (UK)
- Electrek 2017 options
- Electrek 2018 interior
- Fortune 2015 (Ludicrous mode)
- Green Car Reports on door handles
- InsideEVs on the round wheel
- J.D. Power 2013 preview
- Jalopnik on used reliability
- Kelley Blue Book 2021 review
- Kelley Blue Book on battery replacements
- MobileSyrup 2021 refresh
- Tesla Motors Club thread
- TeslaTap seats